As an interdisciplinary field of science, bioinformatics combines computer science, statistics, mathematics, and engineering to analyze and interpret biological data. Mobile technologies such as mobile phones to collect and access health information.
It has emerged as a sub-segment of eHealth. There are three main categories of modalities which are used for data collection in m-Health applications: i integrated mobile sensors accelerometers, gyroscopes, and GPS , ii specialized biometric sensors blood glucose, heart rate and iii manual or semi-automated data entry. Mobile devices using modern communication technologies help nurses and doctors in their everyday practice E-Health E-Health is a broad term for healthcare practice which is supported by electronic processes and communication.
It is a relatively recent term and can encompass a range of services in healthcare and information technology. It is not clearly defined for example some use it instead of healthcare informatics, others use the term describing healthcare practice using the Internet. A study published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research found 51 definitions for e-health. It develops advanced methods to develop and integrate seamlessly into the clinical practice components such as: clinical guidelines, medical terminologies, clinical dictionaries and nomenclatures, information and communication systems, decision support and recommendation systems.
Read the message to the left and discuss: i Whether and how health informatics would still exist as a discipline without the use of computers ii How the development of information technologies and the progress in computer science have helped the domain of health informatics develop better methods and become an established scientific area The IT sector is very important enabling field for advanced health informatics applications and methods. The introduction of ICT technologies has sky rocketed the discipline of health informatics.
Health informatics is not quite new, as you might think. Since healthcare services started to become more systematic, the need for information management was eventually recognized as an important priority. The central objective of community health is to improve the health characteristics of biological communities, in geographical areas or within groups of people with common characteristics.
Health informatics, therefore contributes with specialized programs, methods and tools that are used in population based healthcare services, for health promotion, disease prevention and syndromic surveillance.
Who is involved in Health Informatics Clinical personnel — they need suitable information in caring for patients. They want the data that is being generated during the health provision, to be transformed into information that will facilitate more informed and personalized clinical decisions.
At the same time, they want to have direct, non-delayed access to patient information during the everyday practice, therefore the data retrieval interval should be minimal. Nonclinical Staff: educators, administrators, research scientists — they need relevant data and information to perform their tasks.
Hospital databases store information that can be invaluable if utilized properly. A large hospital counts thousands of patient admissions each year and detailed data for each of the admissions. In a span of 10 years, for instance, there is expected to have been collected a very large dataset of history admissions.
This dataset can be used in research, specifically in retrospective epidemiologic studies, or for the development of predictive algorithms that will be applied to new cases. Health care administrators utilize historical data to overview the evolution of the cost of care, the most common case-mix profiles and changes over time, identify new challenges, measure the efficacy and cost effectiveness of practices over time and evaluate the quality of health care provision, identify gaps and alterable factors which contribute to the improvement of health outcomes.
Health educators, often use de-identified subsets of historical hospital data to provide to their students, real examples and also to investigate patient cases during the medical specialty practice. External parties I : policy makers. The aggregation and analysis of hospital and patient data from multiple health care providers will provide feedback to health care policy makers for planning of health resources and assessment of the direction of the healthcare system in the level of a province, state, or even the whole country.
External parties II : insurance companies. Payers have access to de-identified data and they recently apply advance data mining methods to these data: Insurance companies will not happily accept to pay for services which were evidently not required for the treatment of a condition, or for complications to the treatment due to malpractices and medical errors.
There should be noted though that medical doctors should always independently do their best to achieve optimal outcomes for their patients. Various knowledge areas are directly or indirectly related with health informatics.
In addition, information and communication technologies are used to facilitate the scope of health informatics. These technologies make it possible to develop advanced applications i. These applications are ruled by specific standards and protocols.
Every step of this process produces data and, then, this data is communicated and transformed to useful information. Services of Health Informatics Data processing: health is a data intense industry. Computers are used to: — Develop an image from specific measurement — Reconstruct the image for optimal extraction of a particular feature — Improve image quality by image processing — Store and retrieve-present images X-rays, ultrasound, computational tomography, MRI etc.
Telemedicine could be as simple as two health professionals discussing over the telephone about a patient, or more sophisticated as using videoconferencing to between providers at facilities in two countries, or even as complex as robotic technology.
Tele health is an expansion of telemedicine. It encompasses preventive, promotive and curative aspects. Today tele health addresses an array of technology solutions, simple or more complex. For example, physicians use email to communicate with patients, order drug prescriptions and provide other health services.
Some important clinical uses of tele health include i the transmission of medical images for diagnosis ii groups or individuals exchanging real time health services or education live via videoconference iii transmission of medical data for diagnosis or disease management remote monitoring iv advice on disease prevention and promotion of good health by patient monitoring and follow-up.
Please refer to three disciplines, with a brief explanation. Refer to three reasons why health informatics is essential for quality healthcare services. Out of the many different roles involved in health informatics, which one do you find more intriguing and why? Many processes run at the same time producing new data, literally every single second.
Some of these data are high resolution, uncompressed images x-rays, CT-scans which take up a lot of storage space and need to be further processed to become clinically useful.
Multiple records of same data are often created for each patient and these records are stored and maintained with older measurements and observations. These longitudinal considerations are extremely important for a patient evaluation, since they help clinicians reassess their treatment plan, and make more accurate patient prognoses. Reference data is data that defines the set of permissible values to be used by other data fields.
For example, the attribute icd diagnosis uses as reference data a table of 60, diagnoses codes one can pick up from. Unfortunately, not all data are drawn from reference data. In many cases, data produced during the clinical care are free text, like in the case of a nursing assessment.
Very frequently, data comes from processing of other data: for example, clinicians would want to know the in-hospital mortality ratio for a given disease when they need to provide treatment to a patient with that same diagnosis. To make our example more interesting, let us now assume that the clinician wants to know if this diagnosis x is a high risk one.
In other words we now want to investigate if disease x should lead the clinician to the conclusion of this patient being a high-risk case for in-hospital mortality. For now, we will define high risk disease for in-hospital mortality, as a disease which causes deaths at a higher ratio compared to the death ratio of the whole patient population. The data has been collected retrospectively, for the needs of the clinical care of past patients.
The health care professional will therefore be using historical data in order to understand and evaluate the health of a current patient, at a present time. When data is used for purposes other than the ones these have been collected for, we call this use secondary use of data. Discuss in class Which of the following health data use is secondary data use? This section explains the most important categories of data that are produced during the clinical care.
Different users, with different roles and responsibilities in a hospital, often have access to these data and utilize them to make decisions. For example, medical doctors would be reviewing the laboratory test and radiology test results, the physical examination, the routine ward measurements, the feedback from the nursing staff as well as the patient history, in order to combine this information with their cognitive skills, knowledge and experience, to assess the health condition of a patient and conclude a diagnosis and an appropriate treatment plan.
Prior to the hospital admission: data collected during the triage phase. During the triage phase, health professionals determine the priority of patients' treatments based on the severity of their condition.
It result in determining the order and priority of emergency treatment, transport and destination for the patient. These data have been ordered by the medical doctor in charge and Laboratory Information System LIS receives this order, and as soon as the samples arrive at the hospital laboratories, there is a variable required time for each test to be processed.
As soon as this is done, the results are uploaded via the LIS and the Electronic Medical Record would then be updated with the laboratory test result. The physician will then be notified and timely review the results, in order to make informed decisions.
Radiology department: medical images, segmentation and handling of images using DICOM systems, assessments from radiologists. Pharmacy: including Rx, re -stocking and ordering Patient assessment: medical diagnosis, ordering of laboratory examinations, decisions of the appropriate medication.
During a patient hospitalization, there is typically only one primary patient diagnosis. This is the diagnosis which, in the majority of the cases, is considered to be the main reason that led to the decision for a patient admission to the hospital. Secondary diagnoses, are either pre-existing diseases usually chronic conditions or were diagnosed during the hospital stay. Tracking down medication: dosage, method of administration e. Nurses will be responsible for the management of the medication administering to the patient, according to the physician guidelines.
Discharge data: discharge destination, discharge method, discharge outcome s. Data produced by the patient: patient experiences surveys have recently become the norm and it is widely recognized that the patient feedback does matter. The author of this book was member of the working group to adapt the survey to other languages2. Staff records: including but not limited to information about personnel shifts, department capacity, distribution of human resources, hours of leave and other.
Int J Qual Health Care. Hospital budgeting is not a trivial process by any means and requires multidisciplinary work of people who know the healthcare market, understand health economics and reimbursement challenges, and health professionals who can foresee the healthcare delivery challenges.
A Diagnosis-Related Group DRG is a statistical system of classifying any inpatient stay, into groups for the purposes of payment. The DRG classification system divides possible diagnoses into more than 20 major body systems and subdivides them into almost groups for the purpose of Medicare reimbursement3.
Hospital Quality of Care Evaluation and Quality improvement data: we will devote a separate chapter for this very important topic, to discuss the strategic goals of the healthcare system, discuss the dimensions of the quality of care and patient safety and strategies for the healthcare system to assess the quality of health care delivery. The HCAHPS results posted on Hospital Compare allow consumers to make fair and objective comparisons between hospitals and with state and national averages on important measures of patients' perspectives of care.
The survey asks a random sample of recently discharged adult patients to give feedback about topics like how well nurses and doctors communicated, how responsive hospital staff were to patient needs, how well the hospital managed patients' pain, and the cleanliness and quietness of the hospital environment.
Patients are the best sources of information on these topics. Source: Medicare. For the majority of the cases, any data comes from reference data, or in other words data dictionaries, which, as mentioned earlier in this chapter, are predefined lists specifying the acceptable input.
This is an enormous list of approximately 68, different codes, following a hierarchical organization. Each code represents a medical condition. The doctor needs to decide which code would accurately describe the patient condition, and to select the appropriate ICD code for that condition. There are several levels of depth in ICD and the diagnosis often does not reach the deepest level for a condition.
ICD is not the only classification system in use. For the vast majority of in-hospital data, there is existing one or more classification systems, which standardizes the data entry and retrieval process.
Chapter 7 will cover some of the most important classification systems and standards which are used by the major health care providers in the United States. Numeric data, such as physiological measurements and laboratory test results are captured and entered into the Electronic Medical Records without any modifications and without any use of reference data.
In this section, we will discuss health care data of various data types. Numeric data allow a much more efficient data manipulation and therefore a more effective use of data to produce aggregated information and make other simple of more advanced calculations. Numbers often come from clinical measurements in hospitals, like, for instance, vital sign measurements. These data have to be entered into the system indicating the exact value of the measurement.
The program employs a career ladder approach that includes the Medical Office Specialist certificate. At the end of six academic quarters approximately two years , students earn the Associate of Applied Science in Health Information Management. Students are eligible to take the Registered Health Information Technician national credential examination upon completion.
Health information technicians collect, analyze, code, manage, and maintain patient information. Health information technicians must be highly organized and detail oriented. They maintain patient medical information in a complete, accurate, and secure manner while modeling high ethical standards. HIM is a cohort program, which begins each Fall. Students can complete non-HIM courses before entry into the cohort or concurrently.
Courses are in sequence for first and second year. Students must complete all first-year courses before enrolling in second-year coursework. This degree is designed primarily for students planning to enter their chosen career upon graduation. Information Technology For Management 8th. View Housing and Interior Design, 10th Edition's products, description, College Success Information Technology.
Information Technology Project Management, 5th Edition. The eighth edition continues to Below we explore various careers and some of the ways in which project management knowledge Information Technology For Management.
Which of the following data management technologies store data that are Operational intelligence refers to
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